caste @ the hindu P2-3.2
The manacles of caste in sanitation work
Despite laws, workers in the field in India still face stigma
and are devoid of essential rights
Even in 2020, the
Indian government and our civil society continue to grapple with the inhuman
nature of manual scavenging. While civil society started a movement in the
1990s to abolish dry latrines, the focus now is on manhole deaths and provision
of safety equipment to sanitation workers. The movement has been demanding the
abolition of the dehumanising practice of the manual removal of human excreta
and calls for the introduction of mechanisation for handling waste. Various
State governments and the previous Central governments have responded to these
civil society demands by introducing different laws to stop manual scavenging
and provide incentives to build toilets.
If, on the one hand,
the civil society has tended to approach this issue as a collective problem
that needs to be addressed by the State, on the other, the current ruling
dispensation seems to be framing the issue as a spectacle in the form of Swachh
Bharat Abhiyan, and is addressing the problem in terms of an obstacle in the
way of tourism promotion.
Problematic
descriptions
In 1993, the then
government promulgated an Act prohibiting the construction of unsanitary dry
latrines and employing manual scavengers.
The Act defined
‘manual scavenger’ as a person engaged in or employed for manually carrying
human excreta. On August 18, 2010, I recorded a video of a sanitation worker
entering a manhole without any safety gear, in the English and Foreign
Languages University, Hyderabad, for Dalit Camera, a YouTube channel that
documents the experiences of Dalits, Adivasis, Bahujans and other minorities. I
also approached various social movements that were campaigning against dry
latrines and requested them to include this aspect of manual scavenging to
their campaigns, to no avail.
The government’s description
of dry latrine was a problem, as it defined dry latrine as “latrine other than
a water-seal latrine”. Manual scavenging was not just a practice related to dry
latrines, but also to insanitary latrines and open defecation. Until the
introduction of the Employment of Manual Scavengers and Construction of Dry
Latrines (Prohibition) Act in 1993, State governments had a post called
‘scavengers’. A scavenger’s job was to manually remove human excreta in
households and designated places. The local authorities levied scavenging tax
on houses for availing this service. But after the Act was introduced, State
governments themselves became agencies that would enforce prohibition of the
construction or usage of dry latrines.
Ten years later, the
Safai Karamchari Andolan, a social movement that campaigned against manual
scavenging, along with other organisations, filed a public interest litigation
in the Supreme Court. The demand was to direct State governments and Union
Territories to strictly enforce the law to stop the practice of manual removal
of human excreta. Mounting pressure from civil society, coupled with the
intervention of the Supreme Court, forced the Central government to conduct a
survey of manual scavengers in 2013. The survey found that dry latrines and
manual removal of human excreta still persisted. In the same year, the
government introduced the Prohibition of Employment as Manual Scavengers and
their Rehabilitation Act.
Though the
construction of dry latrines has drastically reduced, the number of deaths in
manholes, sewers and septic tanks continues to remain high. The present
government had plans to amend the 2013 Act to completely mechanise the cleaning
of sewers and manholes and build new sewers. But neither the past nor the
present amendment addresses the issue of labour safety. Same is the case with
the Swachh Bharat Abhiyan, which skirts the issue of labour rights and the
stigma attached to sanitation. As a matter of fact, in Tamil Nadu, all
political parties have trade unions for government servants, except for
sanitation workers. Bodily wastes are seen as unholy elements that need to be
kept away from places of living, cooking, studying, or worshipping. Not only
toilets, but even cleaning work is seen as a lowly job in India. Dalit movements
have been found wanting in this regard — there have hardly been any organised
movements to demand permanent job status for sanitation workers. Most
sanitation contracts are given to private contractors or self-help groups, and
such staff hardly have ID cards, leave alone the protection of medical
insurance policies.
Workforce in
sanitation departments is recruited via open competition. The local
administration usually approaches particular caste members during such hiring.
The situation is so dire that while we find volunteers to distribute food and
undertake rescue operations during natural calamities, hardly any volunteer
offers to do clean-up work or dispose of dead bodies. During the last Chennai
floods, sanitation workers from the Nilgiris district were made to travel in
garbage trucks to Chennai. This situation has continued even during the
COVID-19 pandemic. In Tamil Nadu, sanitation workers are asked to work in newly
formed COVID-19 wards. For example, the Gudalur municipality in the State issued
an order to six of its staff members to work in COVID-19 wards. Similarly, in
Kotagiri town panchayat, officials asked the sons of sanitation workers to work
in COVID-19 wards.
Question of dignity
Unlike other labour
forces, sanitation workers do not have a separate rule-book that lays down
guidelines for their work timings, holidays, a proper place for roll call,
removal from duty, etc. For example, in the Nilgiris district of Tamil Nadu,
all the sanitation workers have to stand outside the office during the morning
and afternoon roll calls. If they reach early, they are seen sitting on
roadside pavements. Even though there are spaces within the office premises,
the officers force them to stand outside. The officials claim that the practice
is traditional and that for any change, new rules need to be formed. There are
no vehicles for sanitation workers to travel to their designated workspaces,
and they have to either walk for kilometres or use garbage vehicles . This is a
forced choice and is connected to the dignity of a worker. To put this in
contrast, no supervisor would stand and travel with the sanitation workers.
There are hardly any
exclusive trade unions for sweepers, and unlike other sections in government or
private workforce, their problems are voiced by only those who are not
associated with sanitation work — often NGOs. This, I argue, is because in
India, sanitation work is caste-ridden and hence, there is an urgent need to
dissociate caste from labour.
Dr. Raees Muhammad is the director of Dalit Camera
and general secretary of the Nilgiris All India Sanitation Workers Self Respect
Trade Union, Tamil Nadu
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