Development of indain Anthropology

 

 

 

 

·         Questions:

o    DN Majumdar + Veena Majumdar + MN Srinivasa

o     compare the contribution of British and American Anthropologist to Indian anthropology

o    Contribution to British administrators , anthropologists and missionaries to Indian anthropology

o    Status of forensic anthroplogy in india

o    Forensic laws in india

o    HD shankalya contribution to indian anthropology

o    Disappearance of useful traits.(malinowski said disappearce when not in used …here opposite)= folk dance form+ family system

o    Contribution of Hemondorf in indian anthropology.

o    Visual anthropology ?

o    Role of anthropologist in census operation.

 

 

 

·         DN Majumdar = introduced re-studied method as  a part of the Tribe "Khasa"
if you have already studied a group..study again after a gap …..like minimum 6 month……ye studied for 22 summer the Khasa tribe

 

·         Primary Data collection

o    You go to site

 

·         Secondary data collection

o    You are not willing to go the field for collecting data.

 

 

·         Tertiary data collection or Distance analysis method…popularised by culture personality school.

o    Culture personality school emerged in USA bcoz of the war with Japan.

o    Tertiary data collection….bcoz studying enemy(Geo graphic) or studying extinct culture(temporal distance).

o    So data is extract from partial secondary sources…like studying japanese living in USA to understand japanese of japan.

o    So you want to get primary data but cant go.

 

·         Post modernism approach

o    Never wrote any new ethnograph, pickup already existing ethnograph and then making commentaries.

o    Sort of book review

o    You are making commentaries on others ethnograph

§  Like what was the perspective of the writer..compare and conclude with others.

o    So neither will nor neccecitiy to go to the field.

 

 

 

 

Indian Thinkers

·         Academic background of thinker(not necessary in every case)

·         Field work =where , whom he studied, and when)

·         Research methodology

·         Literary contribution(essay, books etc)

·         Concept given by them

·         Any administrative or academic post if held by them

·         Critical apprisal

·         Counter given

·         critics

 

Development of Indian anthropology:

·         Started as study of simple society

·         Then ventured into study of caste and other social issues of complex society.

·         Note : read "Archeological Survey of India" and "Anthropological Survey of India"

·          

 

Different approaches to Tribals:

https://for-anthro.blogspot.com/2020/11/thakkar-bapa-and-anthropology-paper-2.html

 

·         Isolation = earliest approach…don’t interfare in their culture….

·         Assimilation = you will have to totally bring simple society into the fold of main stream society….ie simple society has to leave their culture ….assimilation may lead to ethnocide.

·         Integration = main stream trying to share the fruits of development…part of their (tribals) own culture will continue along with extra fruits of development………..indian tribal policy is based on this approach……development in the perspective of mainstream not the tribals.

 

 

Evolution of anthropology in India:

·         The topic spells out one of the basic approaches of anthropology that is historical and evolutionary approach thus it studies anthropology as a discipline and as a mechanism primarily as a given of westernisation and as a way of studying cultural diversity within  idnia .

·         It spells out broad trends  in focus of anthropology  and indicates how the european patronsied desipline was emulated  by indian academcians and organisations  with not much of presence left in cultural anthropology unlike its european counterparts .

·         It provided certain noticiable landmarks experinced by the descipline and various researche methodology adopted by the academicians and people associated with the descipline .

·         The broad tredn in the evolution includes based on the focus of study  a movement from  tribal centeredness to tribal and caste related studies , increasing incidences of caste and main stream studies and them diversificaiton and expension of content.

·         Based on who studied :

o    British

o    British + Indian

o    American Anthropologist

o    Unspecified nature of the new groups with global participation in culture studies.

·         This shows that indian anthropology was unlike european variant , that is the later (european variant) was more concerned with different mode oof studying cultures on the other hand the indian variants (according to Ghuriye) did not attain its own specific personality  and had adpted the descipline along with the several others gifts of colonial masters.

·         It is generally believed that anthropology in india was an doffshoot of  colonial rule (despite  the subcontinent  being  a repository of  the subject matter of descipline.)

·         Anthropological studies were taken by the indital British adminsistrators to take stoke of  various culture of subcontinent  to fascilitate a better understanding of the people eing governed by them  to begain with  ti was considered to be "the study of  primitive" in later times it becam  a wast descipline with several sub descipline enquiring different aspect influencing  and affecting humans.

·         In special reference to india the basic defination of the descipline seems to have got altered  from  "study of the others" and "study of other culture " , to "auto ethnography"  (that is studying once own culture). The auto ethnography style of indian anthropolgoy  was :

o    For providing a better understanding of Indian society and culture to the foreign anthropologists and people interested in Indological studies. As by that time the concept given by the foreign anthropologists seem to have lacked mythological historical and contextual understanding. A need was felt to give a clear exposure of realistic ethnography of indian society and culture to the foreign counterparts. To provide a better understanding and the sources to our own people to know "what and who we are" and "why we are what we are".

o    Inspite of all this genuine intention of providing a better of indian culture anthropology in india throughout was the victim of very clearly evident "poverty of the descipline". Lack of financial assistances could not provide better quality outcome from researchers from within the country and failed in providing comparative ethnographical works comparing indian and foreign cultures. Hence the overall impacts has been the weak discipline of indian anthropology inspite of having huge contant and cultural past.

o    There has been a practice in the discipline , to study itself  from the perspetive of growth and development . But there has been disagreement regarding the phases of development of anthropolgoy in india. Most renound historical sequences were given by people like dube , NK bose , DN Majumdar, LP Vidyarthi and Surjeet Sinha[xyz]. Among them Vidyarthi's scheme is considered to be more valid as he included good lot of historical development providing  enoug amount of factual information .

o    Dube's scheme:

§   he provided broad trend or phases without  specifying  the timeline:

1.       Compilation and publication of volumes on tribes and castes.

2.       Detailed monographs on individual tribes based on personal observations

3.       Qualitative and quantitative advancement of the content.

o    Dr NK Bose provided scheme almost simmilar to Dube, with detail of specially recent phase :

§  Publication of encyclopedic work of tribes and castes.

§  Discriptive monographs

§  Analytical studies of village, social institution of marriage and faimly , caste , civilisation , culture change, acculturation , enculturation , study of folklores, disapearance of art form etc.

o    Majumdar's Scheme:

§  Formulatory  phase(1774-1911):

1.       The origin of idnian anthropology can be traced back to the conception of the idea of establishing Asiatic society  which was later called Bengal Asiatic Society.

§  Constructive phase (1912-1937)

1.       First full length monograph by SC Roy (Munda) in 1912.

§  Critical phase (1938-)art

1.       Related to silver jublee of Inidan Science Congress  at Lahore where Indian and British Anthropologists came together for the first time exchanging the views and information. It also signifies  the publication of first problem oriented monograph(The Ho by DN Majumdar…..the Ho during the time were experienceing the problems of expanding industrialization and mining resulting in loss of identity ethnocide , loss of livelyhood etc…………..the ethnograph was more Difusionistic  in orientation.). [note= Diffusion and Diffunism is difference………..diffunism = believes that there is a particular kind of diffusion … suffix "ism" means it’s a school of thought…@ 1:30:45 lecture 19]

o    Vidyarthi's scheme:
 

o    Vidyarthi reported certain broad trends in the evolution of Indian anthropology such as:

§  A movement from tribal centric writing to caste and village studies.

§  Colonial and external domination to a discipline with inputs from internal sources and academicians .

§  A movement form British centeredness to a combination of American and Indian ethnographers

§  From a theoratical approach of functionalism and structuralism to symbolism and post modernism.

§  The 3-fold model of Vidyarthi is mostly accepted due to clear incorporation of the existence of diverse themes of research and reporting on thinkers and multitude of nationalities………for Ghuriye Vidyarthi provided a chronological study of the discipline with a less focus on  the theoretical bases governing the writings. He also felt that the indian thinkers at any point of the discipline growth did not subscribe to one or two principle theoratical approaches in addition each thinkers used diverse theoratical approaches in his writings .

§  Formulative (1774-1919)

1.       Similar to majumdar  vidyarthi considered the establishment of Asiatic Scoiety of Bengal as the begning of discipline of indian anthropology.

2.       This phase was dominated by British anthropologists and administrators…..they prepared ethnological works, travelogs and published data on tribal and rural communities.

3.       Important jurnols published in the phase include= journal of asiatic society of Bengal (1784), Indian Antiquery (1874), journal of bihar and Orrisa reasearched survey 1815, people's of india project by Herbert Risley.

4.       British Anthropologist like Risley,Thurston and Crook produced anthropological encyclopedia describing certain cultural features of the tribes. The phase saw the begning of ethnological studies that depicted ethnocentrisms of the writers nevertheless in the opinion of hemondorf the British were not simply ethnocentric good lot of officers and academicians wrote about Indian tribes from a non ethnocentric and may be perhaps insiders perspective incorporating the cultural details which they must have gathered from painstaking expeditions

5.       Risley in 1891 produced the monograph incorporating ethnological data of different tribe that culminated into the first scientifically drawn racial classification of indian population by 1909. missionaries like Bodding and Hoffman produced monograph based on their own travelogs and information gathered from the other missionaries. This phase also saw  historically significant writings such as the Andaman Islanders by RC Brown ,the Toda by Rivers  , the Khasi by Gurdon , the Chamars by  Briggs.

6.       Towards the end of the phase one could witness the emergence of Indian anthropologist with the establishments of Anthropology department in Universities.

7.       Department of sociology in the bombay university incorporated for the first time study of tribal cultures and the need to generate ethnological accounts 1919. this phase saw the imergance of people like SC Roy with his monograph like Munda(1912) and RP Chandra [xyz]with his book Indo Aryan Race(1916)

§  Constuructive(1920-1949):

1.       Additional universities such as Delhi universities followed by Lucknow and Guhati university came with establishment of chairs of Anthropology.

2.       There was a shift from ethnological writings to ethnographic writings

3.       That was strengthened by launching of journals like "Man in India".

4.       Significant Ethnograph describing intensively in a Boasian methodology in pre-literate and tribal culture became the order of the day.

a.       BOASIAN method of writing ethnograph=boas believed in "see then believe"….that is empirical confirmation is necessary. At that time people were producing thesis by imagination like Tylor. For Boas visiting the field is important, report as many fact as possible(ie earlier people used to gathere data based on neccessity but Boas said just collect fact it may be vital in coming days.)

5.       Important ethnograph of the phase include:

a.       The Lushai of the North-East by Shakespeare

b.      The Nagas by Hudason

c.       The Garo by Hudson

d.       Lota Naga by JP Mills

6.       These ethnographs provided an understanding of cultural and geographical environment encorporating historical changes and socio-cultural factors of individual tribes.

7.       It is generally opined that this phase witnessed a huge amount of conversion from the north eastern tribe to christanity .

8.       But according to Haemondorf christianisation of North-Eastern Tribes especially among the Nagas was not simply and chiefly the result of missionary work by the British evangelists ; for him only a handfull of Nagas received chritianity during the British regime. Massive conversions were the features of post independence time when the handfull of converted Nagas spread christianity majorly at the strength of their missionary work in health and education.

9.       The phase saw the emergence of new debate in indian antrhopology that had a long lasting impact on governance of the tribes that is debat of isolationism and assimilation, isolation of tribe was strongly supported by Elwin and Assimilation by Ghuriye. Elwin introduced the concept of National Park approach to "conserve tribal cultures"  this was criticised for the efforts by anthropologists to keep their subjects(Tribals) at a pre-literate level of primitive culture so that the subject matters of their study in the discipline continues to exist. It was also believed that the study of isolated version and primitive tribes lies at the core of the discipline.

10.   In the later times under the influence of Nehru , Elwin  supported integrationalistic approach for tribals.

11.   For Ghuriye it is the duty of mainstreams (ie the Hindus) to bring the tribal and peripheral community into the hindu fold. this challenges one of the contemporary ideas ie "there is nothing like conversion in Hinduism/ out of Hinduism and once birth in the religion is a matter of Karma and fate. Challanging once own God (specially if one is a Hindu) would have eternal consequences"

12.   According to Huttons, tribes are backwar hindus and hence one can safely that "most of the tribals are hindus". It can be proved from the diffusion of tradition b/w each others. Hutton's view led to incorporation discuusion on the topic of the contribution of tribal cutlures to indian civilisation(paper 2 -1.1). It is the examination of continuation oflittle tradition of pre-civilisational times into the more evolved cultures or civilisations. The above ideas gave rise to how the tribes shall be approached and how their interaction with the mainstream can be engineered thus leading to the concept of tribal punchsheel :

a.       People should develop along the lines of their own genius and the impostion of alien values should be avoided.

b.      The tribal rights in land and forests should be respected.

c.       Teems of tribals should be trained in their own  administration and development.

d.      Their shall not be over administration through multiplicity of schemes.

e.      Results of developmental initiative shall  be judged not based on  the money  spent but by the change in the human character and culture.

13.   Emergence of Field work tradition:

a.       Anthropologists such as Elvin and Haemon Dorf played a key role in introducing the core research methodology of European anthropology into Indian anthropology such as participant and non participant observation. Preferance to primary source of observations. Interviews of various kind. Long duration stays among the tribals and visual anthropology.

b.      Their impact can be felt in the work of Majumdar, Vidyarthi and others.

c.       Incorporating the above methodology Indian anthropologists incorporated disappearance of certain vital tribal institutions such as youth dormitories and peripheral markets. Ex- gond dorminatory were called Gotul as was observed by Haemon dorf . In Gotul men were to live till get married  to get education simmilar gotul were for women. In some tribes there was common Gotul for both gender in some tribe. Peripheral market by DN Majumdar= not true market, these are market at periphery of market economy.

d.       

e.      The constructive phase saw the emergence of trained anthropologists from different university that by this time started to have different branches such as biologicals anthropology ,socio-cultural anthropology, and developmental Anthropology. Good amount of native literature started emerging by the end of the phase for ex-  the changing Ho in Singhbhoom by Majumdar, marriage and family in Mysore by MN Srinivasa, The Hindu Method of Tribal Absoption by NK Bose writers like Majumdar and NK Bose focused on the impact of mainstream on tribals for majumdar industrialization and urbanization had an ever lasting impact on the tribes so much so that the tribe lost their original character permanently .
         NK Bose focused on academic and field concept of assimilation of tribes and produced literature on tribes caste continuum .

f.        Substantivist Vs Formalist (paper 1 chap 3)

                                                                                             i.            Formalist= believe that modern economic principals is sufficient to explain every society and culture whether it is simple or more evolved. Man every time try to maximise  the benefit he tries to behave rationally at every pont of time. This money centered argument/ understanding was the central theme of Formalism.

                                                                                            ii.            Substantivist= believes that it(formalist's belief system) is half truth; one can not explain every human behaviour based on economics alone….this was the part of constructive phase or third phase. It was started by Karl Polanyi later substantiated by Malinowski.

                                                                                          iii.            The phase study of the domain shift from tribal to rurla and caste studies. And parrlely  several new areas of interest emerged in indian anthroplogy such as culture personality studies  Folk urban studies and study of political structure all of them due to influence of American school.

                                                                                          iv.            Due to the influence of people like Oscal Lewi, Geet strit, indian antrhopologist tried applying psychological explanation to culture studies. This was extended to explain caste supression and change in the caste system. For ex- kar stairs in his study of community of rajasthan used psychological explanations  to deal with the result of political independence of indian on the Kshatriya community of the region, he compared it with psychological stress experienced by lower caste in traditional indian society.

                                                                                           v.            In post 1950 a continued regour was experienced in village and caste studies with writing of MN Srinivas , Guha, Rilsely etc. the most popular book of the time was Religion and society among the coorgs in South ind inda, Social change in modern india, Cast and other essays  by MN srinivasa .

                                                                                          vi.            Extension of racial stydies linking race with caste reflected  continuation of colonial studies and tendencies of racial discrimination in post british times.

                                                                                        vii.            A need was felt of aserting the role of anthropology as a usefull social science at a time when assimislation tendencies were growing  in indan polity and anthropology and with increasing need of fast track studies by any social science experimentiaion in short duration time becam imperative thus emerged the participant, rapid rural studies with the participation of various government players, people represenatative in the assesment of rural and tribal development initiatives.

                                                                                       viii.            Contribution of SC Dube in this connection need be applauded.

                                                                                          ix.            Study of political structures  with the influence of Oscar Leui, study of power structure in tribal and rural leadership becam an area of study. This concided with the dominant caste concept of MN Srinivasa and critiques of that concept from a huge list of writers including SC Dube and Roy Berman

                                                                                           x.            Impact of modern constitution and impact of 73rd ammendment became a subject matter. With writers like Vidyarthi reporting on differential tribal responses from different part of the country as a result tribal resistant movements and various ethnic reasionalism and linguism based resistances became a subject matter.

                                                                                          xi.            Studies related to religion and spread of new faiths also became a content of indian antrhopology . Writing on hinduisation , impact of protestant hindu religion such as Buddhism and jainism were discussed under the title modernisation of indian tradition by Yodendera singh .

                                                                                        xii.            New kinds of research methodology were tried along with emergence of new concept duringthe phase ex- Geneology method was introduced by LP Vidyarthi in the study of Malar, culture History method by NK Bose, Statistical studies in the assesment of social characteristics by Chatopadhyay , Questionnaire by LP Vidyarthi for explaining sacred complexes were some of the means of establishing indian anthropology on the lines of european anthropology.

g.       Post 1990s indian anthropology:

                                                                                             i.            According to Surjeet Sinha indian anthropology failed to realise the greater hights of european and american anthropolgy . Though he blaim it on the poverty of the discipline in economic terms. He also refers to the general intelectual poverty and rather disintrest in cultural studies among indian scholars compaired to the study of any scientific discipline and hence indian society and culture in particular and cultures studies in general remained a subject matter of western anthropologists.

                                                                                           ii.            And hence even when indian anthropolgoy claims the multitude of sub discipline emerging in the recent past they remain in compairable with the western variants. Nevertheless it is said that in the recent past anthropolgy of india dealt with the emergance of development issues , development induced displacement , assertion of rights of scheduled caste, globalisation, emergance of NGOs that led to culture change different form of westerniastion etc.

                                                                                         iii.            The discipline of anthropology seemed to have borrowed havily from the other social sciences in terms of research methodolgy and content in the process of builiding its own personality and hence newer sub discipline such as medical anthropology , urban anthropolgoy, slum anthropology, visual anthropolgoy, sports anthropolgoy, sub-culture anthropolgoy, defence anthropology etc

                                                                                         iv.             at superficial level they seem to have made a truly masculine discipline nevertheless the shallowness of each of them need be addressed by adding a real muscles.

Contribution of DN Majumdar in anthropology(below):

 

·         In caste and communication=he explained jajmani system

·         When majumdar was studying kinship he was influenced by Morgan

·          

 

 

·         DN Majumdar is considered to be one of the for most Indian Anthropologists belonging to the first generation trained by the British Anthropologists .he was directly mentored by SC Roy ; under whose influence he had undertaken several studies without a predecessor in the various areas he initiated the studies of,  due to this his studies are considered to lack sophistication with less then clear conceptual clarity  from the global thinkers he was influenced by the functionalist orientation of Malinowski that was obvious in the way he described different cultural traits. Malinowski's tradition was obvious with him in the detail filed studies incorporating the idea of social change . He is also known for adopting the combination of content of anthropology with contributions  in all the branches except linguistic antrhopology. He pioneered  anthropometric data collection in post independence times continuing with the tradition laid by Risely and BS Guha .the details of Anthropometry was used in strengthening the discussion of Tribe caste Continuum(Paper 2- chap-3.2) and challenging the idea of race whether existing in purer form in the contemporary times. In using the idea of race the influence of the Fraz Boas was obvious on Majumdar .in the theoratical explanation hence he seemed to have used functionalistic diffusionistic and evolutionistic (developmental orientation)approached of anthropological theory.

5.       Ethnographs and Field work:

a.       The Ho of Bihar

b.      Khasa + korwa + Tharu = central india

                                                                                             i.            His study of Khasa was spread over 22 summers covered the changing culture of tribe incorporating economic , religious and kinship systems. Among Khasa he studied the influence of westernization , contact with hinduism and resulting percolation of caste hindu tendencies.

 Development Anthropology

·         His idea of evolution was not  simmilar to classical evolutionary one . That is he under the influence of Malinowski tried distinguishing b/w progress and change within evoltuion .(the classical thinkers mostly explained the idea of the progress synnomynous of change. The idea of classical evolutionist was more intune with studying progress  in the sense that for them evolution is the process of attainment of = 1)complexity from simplicity. 2) tech advancements 3) more definite and heterogenous forms of cultural institutions intune with the temporal dimensions ie every next stage in the evolution should experience complex forms with more recent one having a definite advancement and superiority over the previous ones.
for Malinowski evoltion need not every time be progressive in nature ; inorder to distinguish his ideas from classical evolutionists malinowski chose not to use the term evolution and prefered use of CHANGE…..ie a change in the evoltuionary process can both be progressive or regressive unlike biologically for Malinowski evolution may not give rise from complex to simple it may be other way around. Thus Majumdar from both progressive and regressive perspective, his book a tribe in trasition portrays these aspect which were later found  among many Indian tribes that were exposed (mostly unwillingly) to the vagaries of development )

·         He stressed the importance of Anthropolgoy in the national Development as a member of "Research Program Committee" of the national "Planning Commission", he suggested method for development through community development program among the Jaunsari Tribes of UP.

Physical Anthropology

·         As a member of Census board of 1941 he indulged in conducting anthropometrics and blood group studies in the population of UP , Bengal , Rajasthan , Gujrat and Detailed studies among the tribes of Ho and the Gonds. His studies dealt with biometric varation among different caste which were later use by Risley in his work related to caste and race in India. The unsuccessfully he tried to interlink "genetic hereditary with the behavior" of individuals and groups. Such a study was primarily used in explaining the criminal behavior among the so called criminal tribes.

·         In the field of physical anthropolgy he had emulated work done by  Franz Boas in studying growth patters of children .

·         Boas study was a comparision b/w japanese migrant children in USA and main stream american children and the japanese children in their native geography and Japanese children as migrant in america .

·         The idea was to confirm whether influence of geography and environment would have long-lasting or short duration influences on the individuals reflected in either genetic or simply somatotypic expression of the traits. He (Boas) tried to analyze the general growth curve in children including vital facts like Hight and weight and time of attainment of adolescent. And analysis the phenomena of adolescent spirt comparing the above groups of children. For this purpose boas measured over 19000 children for getting credible statistical data)

·         The Boasian influence was evident in Majumdar's  work of comparing:

·          growth patterns of hill and plains variant of the same tribal groups

·         Comparision of caste and tribe group in the growth pattern

·         Though incomplete and partially successful he tried getting the data on the occurrence of menarche and menopause among different cultural groups.(it show importance to have female anthropolgists @ menopuse data collection).

·         Along with the scholars such as Mahanlobis and Chatopadhyay  he(Majumdar) extended discussions on "what statistical methods can be used in concluding the anthropometric data collected from different sources.

·         Majumdar provided first scientific defination of race in his book "Races and Cultures of india" =a group of people by virtue of possession of certain common physical features can be distinguishable from others even if their number is widely scattered in the other populations.

·         He (Majumdar) used racial factors in his analysis of Tribes and caste and the tendencies of their intermingling inspite of he opposing the concept of race and racisim ;he agrees with Boas   in a belief that race is a biological concept which can be and was used by the earliest anthropologists and biological evolutionists in trying to trace the emergance of different sub species within homo sapeins. They also used it to understand to understand the geographical determinism of human physical form. (in the contemporary times study of race is used to understand race crossing  there by one can know the occurance of physical feature either as average of hybrid or the occurance of any features  that come as a surprise.)

·         Impact of Boasian writings was found in Majumdar  in they way he extended geographical determinism to various indian regional population. He extended occupational deteminism to Racial features.(Paper 1 chap 10…majumdar explanation = occupation having impact on body shape)

Ecological Anthropology:

·         Majumdar put forward the concept of MARC (Man Area Resources and Cooperation) , it formed the basis of MNS complex of LP Vidyarthi . For him any culture is a combination of how human society decides to fulfill their biological needs based on the ecosystem of the region , how the culture group in question tries to explore and exploit the material resources existing in their ecosystem and how the intercultural and enter group relations (as in cooperation mold the culture and living of the people)….as per Malinowski every animal has need but human to fulfil their need has evolved culture. According to Sosin mam culture is technique to control animal insticnt of men.

 

o    Majumdar's scheme of evoltuion of anthropology in india was  modified by Vidyarthi to make it more eloborative incorporating the factual data and trends till the late 1980s.

 

 

Contribution of SC Dube (title of the books):

The kamar was the first full length ethnograph  of a caste.

 

 

 

 

 

Contribution of Christoph von Fürer-Haimendorf (below):

 

1. 

Haemondorf who was intially a biologist shifted to Anthropolgoy under the influence of Malinowski he studied archeology and physical anthropology in london university and hence refered to as a British Anthropoogist.

Influenced by Malinowski he contributed to the studiy of  Nagas during his first visit to India and the first visit to Assam.

 

 Haemond dorf studied anthropolgoy at Viena university that was known for a Diffusion school and concept of Culture Circle, it was here he came under the influence of Wilhelm Schmidt  due to which he examined the Naga country from a diffunisitc perspective.

In Archeology he was influenced and trained by Geldern , under whose influence he (Haemondorf) conducted South Asian Archeological Surveys. Malinowski's  functional influence was also obvious in his studies of Naga cultures.

Haemondorf visited the Nagas on 2 occasions; during his second visit that concided with WW2; he was arrested by the British due to his Austrian belonging and was cofined to Hydrabad state with flexiblity of conducting field work. It resulted in his detailed ethnograph of the Chenchus , Reddis, and RajGonds who were little known to the rest of the world. Due to these contributions Haemondorf was appointed a special offficer and assistant political officer to the North -East Frontier Province due to which he was permitted to conduct filed work amont the apatani of Arunachal pradesh . He was appointed advisors for tribes and backwards classes in the Nizam's gov of Hydrabad to deal with the complicated issues of Landreforms. He established educational institutions and has undertaken several issues related to tribal development for preserving and safeguarding the indigenous culture and language. He held teaching positions at Osmania University and was a chairmen of Asian Anthropology wing in the school of Oriental and African studies at the london school of economics.

 

His reserch methodoly was influenced by Malinowski which include participant observation, detailed field notes , daily personal notings, he used visual Antrhopology  which includes collection of thousands of photographs, and several  video tapes dipicting tribal culture. Among the Chenchus he studies social system, transition of economic subsistence Methods due to the influence of mainstream , expanding habitat of the mainstream, disturbing their isolation impact of hinduisation, and developmental programs. He found that the Chenchu econmic subsitance changed from hunting gathering  to being guides to lord Mallikarjun temple of sri sailam as an additional source of income. Due to loss of their hunting grounds because of forest conservation act, their were pushed into shifting cultivation and as landless labourers in the neighbouring agricultural areas .

 

Haeimandorf studied culture change among tribes due to culture contact. Even before  concept of sanskritisation was used in the descipline he studied how the tribes were adopting the lifestyle of the caste hindus pointing towards "Tribe caste Continuum" . His intrest in language study led to the he mastering in native regional language such as Telgu and led to his efforts in providing script for the tribal languages with no script. His special efforts were for the Gondi script  .

 

 

 

 

 

2.Analytical period (1950- )

 

Contribution of Verrier Elvin

1.       Elvin was an english Missionary to india whose initial purpose was evangalisation of eastern societies but later he converted to indian ways through the contact with Gandhi Tagore natoinalist moment and tribal india.his choice of india for the gospel spread according to his later writings was primarliy his interest in india and neither anthropology nor evangalisation.

2.       In the late 19th century he joined Christian Srvice Scoiety of Pune, influece by Hindu philosophy specially of Tagore and due to his close contact with Nehru and Patel he started showing more then necessary quriosity and the intrest in the indian freedom struggle.

3.       This resulted in objection from the church and the british gov forcing him to resign from being a missionary facilatating his way to shifting to Anthropological research.

4.       He was a subject matter in the topic such as antrhopology such as missionary and missionary Vs Administration.

5.       Simmilar to several other missionaries he had to choose between missionay work of large scale conversion or remaining loyal  to the principal of discipline of anthropolgy ; his later writing reflected on commonalities , differences and dispute b/w missiology(study of the missionary work) and Anthropolgy.

6.       As an anthropology administrator he was known for his social work specially in the field of education (this intrest coincides  which general missionary work which includes education and health services.

7.       Through Non-Participation Observation he worked on establishment of tribal schools and Ashram schools so that his micro planning in providing education to tribals in a language that is not used by the main stream his work stood as guidelines for the future tribal education missions.

8.       His work with regards to language and lignuistic anthropology  are placed in Participant Observation Methodology . It is here he tried divicing script for Gondi Language , design Curriculum for Gond children, trained a few gond literate to be teachers within their own community.

9.       His extreme involvement in ethnography is visible in about 16 titles he produced the most renound being :

a.       Nagaland

b.      The agarias

c.       Myth of middle india

d.      The kingdom of the young

e.      The tribal  world of the Verrier Elvin

10.   His services in the gov of Nizam in the field of administration and tribal welfare made him to get appointed to as a consultant to reform and improve living condition of indian tribes. In the process he examined different approaches to tribes to begin with he subscribed to the idea of isolationism and national park approach later shifted to integrationalism under the influence of nehru's tribal Puchsheel

11.   And hence he had to asses the cultural strength and weaknesses of the tribes that had to be subject to integration into the mainstream .

12.   His work in the other branches of the antrhopology inculdes archeological anthropology. As a chief of "Archeological Society of India" he studied trhough historical approach. The changing lifestyle of several central indian and eastern indian tribes. His work was a combination of historical approach diffunistic approach and cultural materialism(paper1 chap 6)

13.   A new wing of Archeological Antrhopolgoy focussiong on the recent matrial usess was popularise by him. [Archeological Society of India……….search in administrative structure in the scope  weveral wings of organisation…..Under water Archeology Wing…function and scope of the ASI]

14.   Simmilar to Heiman Dorf he was known for Visual Anthropolgoy, use of photographs and videography as supplements to ethnographic writings. His ethnograph especially among the  central Indian tribes portrays "Tribes in Transition" reflecting on how the tribal world as visualised by and studied by Elvin lost its glory giving way to  the tendencies of ethnocide in the tribal heartland of india . It in a way reflects his repentance of giving up a choice for isolationism as an approach to tribals (L22- 00:42:00 )

15.   Note= Srinivasa(socio cultural) , HD shankalya(pre history) etc had more of american influence as they tried to be expert in one subfield……..american were expertising in one particular brach in anthro unlike British who were readin whole lot of sub field.

a.       But in current time indian have reversed the trend by now studying everthng like british.

16.   Charles Morrison says "British through their administrative officer seeked various ethnographic report on culture , religion etc, but why these report was neccesory in Queen's office is still unknown.

a.       Cultural Terrain Team is a office used in foreign office of usa, which maps culture of enemy nation.

17.   Exclusive anthropologists … Lecture 22 @2:13:50 =Rivers + RC Brown +Seligman + Hutton are called original antrhopologist

 

Missionaries

1.       Impact of society

2.       Impact on Anthro

 

 

Contribution of American Anthropology to Indian Anthropology(pic below):

 

 

 

 

.its a post independence phenomena.