Anthropology

2.4 Family Definition and universality; Family, household and domestic groups; functions of family; Types of family (from the perspectives of structure, blood relation, marriage, residence and succession); Impact of urbanization, industrialization and feminist movements on family. Defination and Univarsality Defination by William Newton Stephens: = The family in general is a group based on marriage and marriage contract , including the recognition of rights and duties of parenthood , common residence for husband, with and children and reciprocal economic obligation b/w the husband and wife. Why above defination is not universal? =bcoz it cant be applied to all society historically or cross culturally.   Note: Conjugal relationship Vs Sexual relationship:   Conjugal= sex after marriage, forms family. Sexual= sex before marriage, physical preasure Biological Father = Genitor Biological Mother= Genetrix. Social Father= Pater Social Mother= Mater Consanguineal

2.3 Marriage   Definition and universality; Laws of marriage (endogamy, exogamy, hypergamy, hypogamy, incest taboo); Types of marriage (monogamy, polygamy, polyandry, group marriage). Functions of marriage; Marriage regulations (preferential, prescriptive and proscriptive); Marriage payments (bride wealth and dowry). ============================================== Defination and Universality: Earlier(1929) Marriage was defined(by westmark ) as : “ Marriage is a ritually recognized union b/w man and woman , that spouses live together and that couple have recognised mutual sexual right ” . Why this defination is not universal? = Ritual = Contract marriage without ritual exists. Ex = b/w man and woman = Gay and lesbian marriage exists. Ex it has been recognised as rightfull marriage in many western countries. = Live togerther = in many society couples do not live together under one roof. Ex Nayars of Kerala. = Recognises sexual right = In many tribes extra martial sex is

Chapter 3 Uses of Anthropology Historical background : >Existed before form anthropologist came .   >It was product of Capitalism.    =Capitalism run by industrial revolution needed market for excess supply    =led to colonialism----Required to study the culture of foreign people.    =Imperial flag always followed Comercial flag . >Missionary after reformation….spread there religion.    =To do it in a better way….culture and religious info of locals were required. Applied Anthropology Example in real world: 1)Ashanti outbreak =West Abrika Tribal community. =King of Ashanti tribe revered the golden stool. =Stool ’s importance= IT was regarded as the seat of collective soul of Ashanti people. =Culture around stool= King use to keep his arm on the stool while seating on throne………Stool was never kept on ground but on elephant skin on which some cloth on which stool was placed………..when a need arises to summon the vast power, then king used to sit on the stool 3

Chapter 2 Anthropology : Culture and Social Culture Defination ↓: #Tylor =Culture stands for beliefs, ideas, customs, laws , morals, arts and other capabilities and skils acquired by man as a member of society. [implies Culture is a social heritage ] # Malinowski =Culture stands for a total way of life which secures for an individual the satisfaction of his biopsychic drives and the fulfilment of other wants and cravings and, ultimately, invests him with freedom. # Bidney: =Culture is a product of agrofacts(Products of cultibations) + Artifactys(products of industry) + Socifacts(social organisation) + Mentifacts(Language, religion, arts and so on). # Marett =Culture is a communicable inteligence . # Redfield Culture is a sum total of conventional meanings embodied in artifacts, social structure and symbols. # Ruth Benedicts (Aesthetic viewpoint) =Culture is not so much to be conveived in terms of the content of social life as in terms of its formal ordering and org

German American Believed in Degeneration (detoriation) of culture just like British. Didn’t believed bcoz, every culture makes its own adaptation, therefore,   the question that one progressed more is useless. Rejected psychic unity Didn’t use Psychic unity for explanatory purpose. BUT used it to combat racism. Used Criteria of form and Criteria of Quantity . Used Trait Listing Approach in study. Topology of diffusion on the line of Primary and Secondary diffusion. On Natural and Organised diffusion. Culture circle concept Culture Area Dynamic(CC ↑) =as diff cultural traits and coplexes are migrated and accumulated in diff phases of time. Static (CA↑) =tried to disect history of cultural dev in various areas. =could not explain changes that occurred in time. Stressed too much on migration

An introduction to social Anthropology by D.N Majumdar + T.N Madan Chapter 1 Prolegomena Defination: Anthropology studies the emergence and development of man from the physical, Cultural and Social points of view. Scope: 1)Physical Anthropology = Human body evolution @biology +Zoology + Chemistry+ Anatomy etc. 2)Prehistory = Cultural Anthropology @Paleontology + Archeology etc 3)History =Cultural Anthropology @Sociology + Phsycology +Pshycatry +history etc 4)Ethnology = distribution of diff races and culture across space. @various type of social life. 5)Applied Anthropology= Forensic + policy for developing and underdeveloped etc diagram of scope ↓ (Image below) Relation of b/w different discipline: 1) Physical and Cultural: >> significance of Circumcision + Filing of teeth among Toda tribe(Nilgiri) + Tattoo marks etc. 2)Pre-History and Cultural : >>Prehistory deals withing the limit of Archeological + Palaeontological and geological limits in