Anthropology

Evolutionary School of Philosophy @ Anthro Multilineal Evolution by  Julian Steward : The Methodology of Multilinear Evolution (1955), in which he attempted to show that social systems arise out of patterns of resource exploitation which, in turn, are determined by the technological adaptation of a people to their natural environment . Source of below material click here Social Evolutionism By Heather Long and Kelly Chakov Basic Premises In the early years of anthropology, the prevailing view of anthropologists and other scholars was that culture generally develops (or evolves) in a uniform and progressive manner. The Evolutionists, building upon the success of   Darwin’s theory of evolution , but not drawing much inspiration from his central contribution of the concept of natural selection, sought to track the development of culture through time.  Just as species were thought to evolve into increasing complex

Main Branches of Anthro: A)Social-Cultural Anthropology: >Intro: =Social Anthro origined as colonial study specially in UK. =earlier Scope in UK during colonial era= studied only “ Social Structure ” (Marriage + Family + Kinship+Political organisation + Economic Activities). =USA increased the scope   to include   all possible cultures (Qualities not inherited). = Gopal Saran (1983) said “ It is neither feasible nor desirable to make a very sharp distinction b/w social Anthropology and Cultural Anthropology . = Therefore now India under the influence of USA used Scope cultural Anthro(social Anthro is a subset of Cultural Anthro)……………………To avoid confusion we use Socio-Cultural Anthropology. >Scope: =Anything that is not inherited by Human comes under Socio-Cultural Anthro. =May iclude= Family+ kinship+ political organisation+ law + economic activities etc. > Relevance: =to understand present society it involves two methods: 1)Synchronic = Social Anthropolo

Other Disciplines: >> Social Sciences, >>Behavioral Sciences >>Life Sciences >> Medical Sciences >> Earth Sciences >> Humanities.   Is Anthropology   a natural science or Social science? >> To answer this question we need to understand whats Natural science and Social Science:    =Natural Science – Branch of science that studies Physical world ---   Ex- Geography + physcis +Chem +Geology etc.    =Social science --- Branch of science that deals with non physical world --- Ex- Economics + SST + Art etc. >>Initially Social law were treated as natural law….. since Anthro was about observing the pattern of social law they called anthro Natural science. >> Malinowski = Anthro is in b/w Social and Natural science. >> Redcliff-Brown + Nadel = Anthro is Natural Science …..bcoz Anthro does not studies a particular society in depth……….rather it invo

1.1     Meaning, Scope and development of                   Anthropology.   ▼ Meaning: >> Anthropology = it’s a discipline that studies human across time and space. ▼ How to understand development and Scope of Anthropology?     || Explain development of Anthro ?  >>It can be infered from various defination given across time by its proponents:        1)Aristotle:           =Father of Anthro           =Anthro= Gossips that revolves around man. || Gossper=Anthropologist.         2) 14 th -17 th Cent AD :            =Anthro as a Discipline in Philosophy Dept in German University.         3)Emmanuel Kant(18 th Cent):           =Discipline concerned with study of human origin and biological evolution and also the human cultural and social development.           =First Person ==Animal origin of humans.                    4)Britanica (9 th Cent):            =Discipline that is devoted to the human discourse or human Nature.            =It increased th

Chapter 5 Australopithecus Afrensis ↑↑↑ Asutralopithecus Africanus ↑↑↑

Chapter 04 Oreopithecus >Time = Late myocene period…contemprory of Shivapithecus. >Shivapithecus more closely related to pongi line …Oreopithecus is related to Hominid   line. >Features=Old world monkey + Homonid      >> Old world Monkey = Bilophodont molar/ biophodont molar  morphology.      >>Homonid:                  =Teeth in general are of small size.                  =Canines are pointe but short unlike monkeys and ape.                  =No premolar Diastema that accomodates enlarged canines of upper jaw.                   =premolar are simmilar to human.                   =Pelvis + leg bones simmilar to human---- can bipedal .                  =Hand bone simmilar to hominids. > Conclusion: =many of features of Oreopithecus is definitely Hominoid but different from the Proconsulidae. It means it definitely shared an ancestor with hominids and Hylobatidae after splitting off from th Proconsulidae.      >>Ape like features :         

Chapter 03 Preconsul- Dryopithecus-Shivapithecus (Ramapithecus) Evolution Tree= Hominoidea (common Grandmother of Human and Ape) Period of Existence= 22 MYA to 7 MYA Myocene Epoch(23 – 5MYA) Features: >Quadrupedal >Lived mostly   on Tree- à Myocene @ Arid----Grasland ↑ > Branching of evolution:                  >>Ape family= Those who decided to live on trees...adopted as per new arid environment .                  >>Homonid= Those   who adopted to new climate.     ▼Proconsul – Dryopithecus –Sivapithecus are Fossil Ape == Dryopithecus or Dyropiths. Distribution: Africa:      >Proconsul + Afropithecus= Lake Rusinga, Kenya.      >Kenyapithecus + Dendropithecus =Kenya.      >Otavipithecus =S. Africa      >New Genus = Monto, Uganda      >etc. Europe:      >Dryopithecus = France + Germany +Spain etc      >Rudapithecus= Hungary      >Ouranopithecus= Greece. Asia:      >Lufengpithecus= Lufeng , China      >

         Australopithecus afarensis (1st bipedal had culture)                                                                                                      Paranthropus (Nut cracker man) ↓                                                                         Homo habilis (Tool Maker) ↓                                                                                                 Homo eractus (Omnivorous but majorly Meat + Fire  used for defence/cooking )↓↓↓↓↓↓↓↓↓↓↓↓↓↓↓↓↓↓